evaluation of oral cancers

Oral cancer refers to cancer that develops in the mouth (oral cavity), including the lips, tongue, cheeks, floor of the mouth, hard palate, and gums. Early detection through proper evaluation significantly increases the chances of successful treatment and recovery. Why is Early Evaluation Important? Detects cancer at an early, treatable stage Prevents spread to nearby tissues and lymph nodes Improves survival rates and treatment outcomes Reduces the need for extensive surgery Common Signs & Symptoms Be alert to the following warning signs: Persistent mouth ulcers that do not heal Red or white patches inside the mouth Lump or thickening in the cheek or tongue Difficulty in chewing, swallowing, or speaking Unexplained bleeding in the mouth Numbness or pain in oral regions Loose teeth without dental cause Risk Factors Certain habits and conditions increase the risk of oral cancer: Tobacco use (smoking, chewing tobacco, gutka) Alcohol consumption HPV (Human Papillomavirus) infection Poor oral hygiene Prolonged sun exposure (lip cancer) Family history of cancer How is Oral Cancer Evaluated? 1. Clinical Examination A specialist carefully examines the mouth, tongue, and throat for abnormal lesions, swelling, or discoloration. 2. Biopsy (Gold Standard) A small tissue sample is taken from the suspicious area and analyzed in a lab to confirm cancer. 3. Imaging Tests CT Scan / MRI – To assess tumor size and spread PET Scan – To detect metastasis (spread to other parts) 4. Endoscopy A thin, flexible tube with a camera is used to examine deeper areas of the throat. 5. HPV Testing In some cases, testing is done to identify HPV-related cancers.